RESULT B.COM FINAL EXTERNAL/PRIVATE 2009

BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI
KARACHI
(EXAMINATIONS DEPARTMENT)
No. Exam./Conf./Annual/Result/2010
Candidates bearing the following Seat Numbers are hereby declared to have
Passed
B.COM. PART-II / BOTH PARTS (EXTERNAL) Annual Examinations 2009.
POSITION IN ORDER OF MERIT AS PER RULES
Marks
Seat Nos. Name with Father's Name Obtained
Position
165443 Noureen Gul 816/1100
FIRST STANDS FIRST
Gul Muhammad
165426 Humaira Irsa Khan 782/1100
FIRST STANDS SECOND
Arshad Ali Khan
165485 Saba Anis 777/1100
FIRST STANDS THIRD
Khawaja Muhammad Anis
EXTERNAL CANDIDATES
First Division Seat Nos
165004 | 165007 165026 165029 165039
165042 165043
165056 | 165058 | 165072 | 165081 | 165096 |
165099 | 165100
165104 | 165106 | 165114 | 165119 | 165129 |
165130 | 165135
165138 | 165140 | 165147 | 165149 | 165150 |
165151 | 165162
165172 | 165174 | 165188 | 165191 | 165198 |
165201 | 165208
165209 | 165212 | 165213 | 165217 | 165220 |
165222 | 165230
165234 | 165236 | 165239 | 165240 | 165251 |
165277 | 165280
165292 165295 165330 165334 165357
165359 165364
165368 | 165378 | 165379 | 165386 | 165387 |
165388 | 165393
165399 | 165402 | 165408 | 165411 | 165413 |
165415 | 165418
165421 | 165422 | 165424 | 165425 | 165426 |
165431 | 165434
165435 | 165436 | 165437 | 165438 | 165439 |
165440 | 165443
165449 | 165452 | 165453 | 165455 | 165456 |
165458 | 165460
165464 | 165465 | 165466 | 165471 165472 |
165474 165477
165478 | 165482 | 165483 | 165485 | 165486 |
165491 | 165492
165493 | 165496 | 165497 | 165498 | 165506 |
165507 | 165508
165509 | 165512 | 165514 | 165515 | 165517 |
165520 | 165521
165524 | 165527 | 165529 | 165542 | 165546 |
165552 | 165554
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BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
165555 | 165558 | 165568 | 165570 | 165571 |
165572 | 165573
165580 | 165590 | 165592 | 165593 | 165594 |
165596 | 165608
165609 165611 165612 165616 165623
165646 165648
165655 | 165656 | 165663 | 165670 | 165672 |
165686 | 165705
165708 | 165712 | 165714 | 165729 | 165732 |
165733 | 165737
165741 | 165742 | 165747 | 165751 | 165753 |
165758 | 165764
165782 | 165783 | 165789 | 165794 | 165798 |
165814 | 165816
165821 | 165825 | 165829 | 165835 | 165852 |
165853 | 165863
165870 | 165872 | 165877 | 165881 165882 |
165888 165889
165903 | 165910 | 165928 | 165941 | 165942 |
165947 | 165948
165949 | 165977 | 166096 | 166102 | 166162 |
166165 | 166204
166221 | 166224 | 166229 | 166232 | 166236 |
166241 | 166258
166259 | 166271 | 166276 | 166355 | 166368 |
166409 | 166501
166515 | 166516 | 166537 | 166548 | 170252 |
170531 | 170563
170624 | 170677 | 170682 | 170747 | 170766 |
170797 | 170810
170826 | 170945 | 170979 | 170988 | 171065 |
171403 | 171420
171545 171608 171742 171754 171811
171923 171987
172013 | 172036 | 172219 | 172267 | 172278 |
172381 | 172645
172655 | 172674 | 172675 | 172680 | 172685 |
172693 | 172699
172710 | 172714 | 172734 | 172765 | 172810 |
172812 | 172830
172992 | 173002 | 173072 | 173541 | 173581 |
173670 | 173708
173778 | 173987 | 174052 | 174092 | 174164 |
174231 | 174292
174336 | 174557 | 174606 | 174695 174932 |
175052 175076
175082 | 175112 | 175291 | 175428 | 175447 |
175456 | 175542
175645 | 175655 | 175665 | 175679 | 175694 |
175711 | 175718
175723 | 175738 | 175789 | 175861 | 175897 |
176266 | 176330
176370 | 176592 | 176605 | 180237 | 180238 |
XXX | XXX
Second Division Seat Nos
165002 | 165003 | 165005 | 165006 | 165009 |
165010 | 165011
165012 | 165015 | 165017 | 165018 | 165019 |
165021 | 165023
165024 | 165025 | 165027 | 165028 | 165030 |
165032 | 165034
165038 | 165041 | 165044 | 165051 | 165052 |
165053 | 165057
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BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
165060 | 165062 | 165064 | 165065 | 165067 |
165070 | 165071
165075 165078 165079 165080 165083
165084 165087
165088 | 165089 | 165091 | 165092 | 165094 |
165097 | 165102
165103 | 165108 | 165111 | 165115 | 165116 |
165122 | 165126
165127 | 165128 | 165131 | 165133 | 165141 |
165145 | 165155
165158 | 165160 | 165161 | 165164 | 165166 |
165170 | 165171
165173 | 165176 | 165178 | 165179 | 165183 |
165187 | 165190
165192 | 165193 | 165194 | 165195 165200 |
165203 165204
165211 | 165215 | 165225 | 165228 | 165231 |
165232 | 165235
165238 | 165241 | 165244 | 165248 | 165249 |
165250 | 165253
165254 | 165255 | 165261 | 165262 | 165266 |
165267 | 165268
165270 | 165273 | 165281 | 165283 | 165286 |
165290 | 165299
165302 | 165307 | 165310 | 165311 | 165313 |
165319 | 165323
165333 | 165335 | 165337 | 165339 | 165343 |
165354 | 165355
165361 | 165369 165372 165373 165389
165391 165396
165398 | 165400 | 165401 | 165403 | 165405 |
165406 | 165409
165410 | 165412 | 165417 | 165423 | 165427 |
165428 | 165429
165430 | 165432 | 165433 | 165441 | 165448 |
165451 | 165454
165457 | 165463 | 165467 | 165468 | 165469 |
165470 | 165473
165476 | 165479 | 165484 | 165489 | 165494 |
165495 | 165500
165502 | 165503 | 165504 | 165505 | 165510 |
165513 | 165516
165518 165519 165522 165526 165530
165531 165536
165537 | 165541 | 165544 | 165549 | 165551 |
165557 | 165559
165560 | 165563 | 165564 | 165565 | 165567 |
165576 | 165577
165578 | 165579 | 165583 | 165587 | 165588 |
165597 | 165599
165600 | 165601 | 165606 | 165607 | 165613 |
165614 | 165615
165617 | 165618 | 165619 | 165625 | 165626 |
165628 | 165632
165635 | 165636 | 165639 | 165643 | 165647 |
165649 | 165650
165652 | 165654 | 165658 | 165662 | 165666 |
165667 | 165668
165669 | 165671 | 165673 | 165675 | 165678 |
165681 | 165682
165683 165687 165688 165690 165691
165692 165693
165694 | 165696 | 165697 | 165699 | 165700 |
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BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
165702 | 165703
165706 | 165710 | 165711 | 165713 | 165718 |
165720 | 165721
165722 | 165723 | 165724 | 165726 | 165731 |
165736 | 165738
165739 | 165744 | 165746 | 165749 | 165756 |
165757 | 165759
165760 | 165761 | 165762 | 165763 | 165765 |
165766 | 165767
165770 | 165771 | 165773 | 165775 165776 |
165778 165779
165780 | 165784 | 165785 | 165786 | 165790 |
165792 | 165793
165797 | 165799 | 165800 | 165803 | 165804 |
165805 | 165806
165807 | 165808 | 165815 | 165818 | 165819 |
165823 | 165827
165830 | 165831 | 165832 | 165833 | 165834 |
165837 | 165848
165854 | 165855 | 165859 | 165860 | 165862 |
165864 | 165868
165869 | 165871 | 165873 | 165878 | 165879 |
165880 | 165892
165893 165894 165896 165899 165900
165901 165902
165904 | 165905 | 165906 | 165908 | 165911 |
165914 | 165915
165916 | 165918 | 165919 | 165921 | 165922 |
165925 | 165926
165927 | 165929 | 165930 | 165931 | 165932 |
165933 | 165934
165935 | 165936 | 165937 | 165938 | 165939 |
165943 | 165944
165950 | 165952 | 165955 | 165956 | 165957 |
165958 | 165959
165960 | 165961 | 165962 | 165963 165964 |
165966 165968
165969 | 165970 | 165972 | 165973 | 165976 |
165978 | 165979
165980 | 165987 | 165990 | 166000 | 166001 |
166002 | 166005
166008 | 166011 | 166012 | 166017 | 166021 |
166024 | 166025
166030 | 166031 | 166032 | 166037 | 166041 |
166042 | 166043
166046 | 166049 | 166056 | 166058 | 166060 |
166063 | 166064
166065 | 166067 | 166075 | 166079 | 166085 |
166086 | 166089
166093 | 166094 166099 166103 166108
166109 166120
166128 | 166131 | 166134 | 166135 | 166142 |
166146 | 166154
166155 | 166156 | 166163 | 166166 | 166174 |
166178 | 166180
166183 | 166187 | 166189 | 166190 | 166193 |
166195 | 166199
166203 | 166207 | 166208 | 166209 | 166210 |
166211 | 166212
166215 | 166220 | 166231 | 166238 | 166240 |
166245 | 166248
166250 | 166251 | 166252 | 166253 | 166254 |
166256 | 166257
Page 4
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
166262 166263 166265 166267 166268
166269 166270
166272 | 166273 | 166274 | 166277 | 166281 |
166282 | 166283
166284 | 166286 | 166289 | 166290 | 166291 |
166292 | 166296
166301 | 166302 | 166303 | 166308 | 166309 |
166311 | 166312
166314 | 166316 | 166317 | 166327 | 166330 |
166331 | 166332
166337 | 166338 | 166340 | 166344 | 166346 |
166347 | 166348
166349 | 166350 | 166353 | 166354 166358 |
166360 166361
166362 | 166365 | 166366 | 166370 | 166371 |
166372 | 166374
166375 | 166378 | 166379 | 166384 | 166386 |
166390 | 166393
166400 | 166406 | 166408 | 166410 | 166411 |
166415 | 166416
166418 | 166419 | 166420 | 166421 | 166422 |
166424 | 166430
166431 | 166432 | 166435 | 166439 | 166440 |
166441 | 166443
166444 | 166449 | 166451 | 166453 | 166454 |
166455 | 166457
166458 | 166461 | 166465 | 166470 | 166472 |
166474 | 166476
166477 166478 166480 166482 166486
166492 166496
166498 | 166500 | 166503 | 166508 | 166512 |
166524 | 166525
166528 | 166534 | 166552 | 166556 | 168002 |
168010 | 168011
168012 | 168017 | 168018 | 168020 | 168021 |
168025 | 168026
168027 | 168029 | 168030 | 168032 | 168033 |
168034 | 168035
168037 | 168039 | 168041 | 168045 | 168046 |
168048 | 168049
168052 | 168053 | 168055 | 168060 168063 |
168067 168072
168074 | 168076 | 168079 | 168082 | 168083 |
168084 | 168085
168087 | 168088 | 168092 | 168093 | 168095 |
168099 | 168101
168103 | 168104 | 168105 | 168113 | 168115 |
168116 | 168118
168123 | 168124 | 168126 | 168128 | 168130 |
168134 | 168135
168137 | 168141 | 168142 | 168144 | 168147 |
168149 | 168154
168156 | 168158 | 168160 | 168163 | 168164 |
168167 | 168171
168174 168178 168183 168184 168185
168186 168188
168195 | 168197 | 168198 | 168199 | 168208 |
169506 | 169522
170006 | 170008 | 170013 | 170017 | 170052 |
170055 | 170057
170060 | 170070 | 170093 | 170102 | 170127 |
170157 | 170179
170192 | 170206 | 170245 | 170255 | 170266 |
Page 5
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
170268 | 170271
170272 | 170283 | 170292 | 170304 | 170310 |
170326 | 170338
170349 | 170355 | 170357 | 170358 170366 |
170413 170423
170433 | 170436 | 170438 | 170443 | 170478 |
170501 | 170509
170528 | 170549 | 170552 | 170558 | 170559 |
170562 | 170567
170578 | 170587 | 170597 | 170605 | 170606 |
170607 | 170608
170614 | 170625 | 170628 | 170631 | 170666 |
170667 | 170681
170689 | 170697 | 170698 | 170704 | 170720 |
170723 | 170724
170728 | 170734 | 170742 | 170745 | 170751 |
170752 | 170757
170763 | 170764 170795 170806 170817
170828 170833
170846 | 170855 | 170856 | 170861 | 170867 |
170868 | 170870
170871 | 170873 | 170886 | 170896 | 170900 |
170905 | 170906
170908 | 170909 | 170923 | 170924 | 170934 |
170951 | 170956
170959 | 170962 | 170975 | 170978 | 170980 |
170981 | 170991
170992 | 171004 | 171007 | 171030 | 171063 |
171073 | 171085
171097 | 171134 | 171141 | 171147 | 171156 |
171157 | 171160
171185 171196 171209 171229 171230
171235 171237
171252 | 171278 | 171309 | 171317 | 171324 |
171336 | 171343
171359 | 171377 | 171391 | 171407 | 171428 |
171438 | 171459
171480 | 171503 | 171529 | 171536 | 171547 |
171551 | 171553
171558 | 171562 | 171578 | 171615 | 171618 |
171619 | 171625
171626 | 171629 | 171641 | 171653 | 171658 |
171679 | 171691
171696 | 171697 | 171716 | 171720 171721 |
171725 171738
171745 | 171753 | 171756 | 171776 | 171781 |
171795 | 171796
171812 | 171813 | 171819 | 171837 | 171839 |
171840 | 171848
171859 | 171865 | 171881 | 171883 | 171886 |
171892 | 171912
171922 | 171945 | 171953 | 171960 | 171974 |
171992 | 172014
172023 | 172045 | 172054 | 172070 | 172076 |
172078 | 172079
172084 | 172096 | 172112 | 172116 | 172118 |
172122 | 172133
172142 | 172145 | 172147 | 172148 | 172163 |
172168 | 172169
172174 172204 172206 172228 172236
172238 172245
172250 | 172261 | 172268 | 172273 | 172276 |
172279 | 172283
Page 6
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
172290 | 172306 | 172310 | 172312 | 172328 |
172339 | 172341
172351 | 172366 | 172368 | 172370 | 172374 |
172377 | 172378
172451 | 172463 | 172467 | 172473 | 172495 |
172507 | 172520
172545 | 172546 | 172553 | 172563 | 172586 |
172588 | 172592
172596 | 172611 | 172619 | 172626 172651 |
172654 172656
172659 | 172667 | 172673 | 172683 | 172684 |
172686 | 172688
172696 | 172701 | 172705 | 172715 | 172718 |
172724 | 172730
172733 | 172739 | 172746 | 172755 | 172788 |
172790 | 172796
172807 | 172811 | 172818 | 172834 | 172852 |
172855 | 172865
172869 | 172871 | 172876 | 172904 | 172907 |
172912 | 172925
172933 | 172940 | 172944 | 172966 | 172968 |
172971 | 172975
172976 172991 172995 173001 173004
173010 173011
173013 | 173017 | 173023 | 173028 | 173029 |
173039 | 173040
173044 | 173052 | 173059 | 173066 | 173067 |
173074 | 173078
173080 | 173085 | 173087 | 173090 | 173108 |
173110 | 173136
173145 | 173164 | 173174 | 173186 | 173196 |
173207 | 173216
173226 | 173233 | 173234 | 173235 | 173242 |
173247 | 173249
173251 | 173253 | 173261 | 173271 173272 |
173276 173282
173283 | 173286 | 173291 | 173292 | 173300 |
173303 | 173304
173319 | 173327 | 173328 | 173331 | 173351 |
173354 | 173356
173359 | 173366 | 173368 | 173377 | 173379 |
173381 | 173383
173384 | 173388 | 173394 | 173397 | 173398 |
173406 | 173414
173430 | 173438 | 173442 | 173443 | 173451 |
173452 | 173455
173459 | 173460 | 173471 | 173474 | 173476 |
173481 | 173483
173489 | 173496 173509 173510 173532
173537 173542
173545 | 173551 | 173556 | 173558 | 173566 |
173568 | 173572
173575 | 173576 | 173580 | 173583 | 173584 |
173588 | 173591
173602 | 173609 | 173623 | 173639 | 173645 |
173657 | 173665
173675 | 173676 | 173698 | 173699 | 173745 |
173746 | 173747
173751 | 173759 | 173763 | 173764 | 173779 |
173792 | 173801
173809 | 173810 | 173812 | 173836 | 173844 |
173851 | 173852
173865 173866 173873 173875 173877
Page 7
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
173881 173889
173892 | 173900 | 173902 | 173905 | 173906 |
173910 | 173917
173924 | 173925 | 173929 | 173934 | 173936 |
173939 | 173944
173954 | 173964 | 173977 | 173981 | 173984 |
173992 | 173994
173995 | 174001 | 174003 | 174018 | 174022 |
174024 | 174035
174046 | 174054 | 174061 | 174064 | 174070 |
174071 | 174079
174080 | 174083 | 174087 | 174095 174112 |
174114 174116
174119 | 174120 | 174122 | 174123 | 174124 |
174131 | 174137
174144 | 174150 | 174154 | 174162 | 174175 |
174188 | 174203
174208 | 174213 | 174214 | 174216 | 174229 |
174244 | 174279
174299 | 174306 | 174324 | 174327 | 174332 |
174340 | 174364
174367 | 174382 | 174388 | 174401 | 174407 |
174410 | 174411
174415 | 174416 | 174419 | 174421 | 174425 |
174431 | 174438
174458 | 174460 | 174469 | 174484 | 174511 |
174526 | 174549
174550 174556 174593 174605 174612
174619 174630
174639 | 174640 | 174641 | 174643 | 174656 |
174660 | 174679
174682 | 174688 | 174696 | 174701 | 174702 |
174707 | 174727
174728 | 174771 | 174797 | 174804 | 174807 |
174831 | 174865
174887 | 174889 | 174901 | 174902 | 174915 |
174917 | 174921
174923 | 174925 | 174961 | 174970 | 174975 |
174979 | 174984
175014 | 175015 | 175027 | 175028 175044 |
175072 175075
175087 | 175113 | 175115 | 175123 | 175126 |
175127 | 175128
175136 | 175155 | 175170 | 175192 | 175196 |
175203 | 175218
175221 | 175224 | 175240 | 175251 | 175252 |
175255 | 175263
175265 | 175281 | 175285 | 175288 | 175294 |
175305 | 175308
175310 | 175313 | 175330 | 175353 | 175362 |
175364 | 175365
175366 | 175373 | 175384 | 175385 | 175387 |
175389 | 175395
175405 175421 175426 175431 175434
175445 175446
175450 | 175473 | 175474 | 175483 | 175484 |
175492 | 175495
175506 | 175513 | 175514 | 175515 | 175524 |
175525 | 175527
175529 | 175533 | 175539 | 175545 | 175555 |
175558 | 175565
175578 | 175584 | 175587 | 175588 | 175594 |
175603 | 175606
Page 8
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
175607 | 175617 | 175623 | 175624 | 175625 |
175632 | 175634
175635 | 175640 | 175642 | 175643 175650 |
175657 175658
175664 | 175669 | 175673 | 175674 | 175675 |
175677 | 175681
175683 | 175689 | 175697 | 175703 | 175705 |
175713 | 175724
175728 | 175732 | 175745 | 175746 | 175755 |
175761 | 175762
175764 | 175776 | 175779 | 175780 | 175783 |
175785 | 175786
175792 | 175793 | 175796 | 175798 | 175799 |
175805 | 175818
175821 | 175826 | 175842 | 175844 | 175847 |
175856 | 175862
175875 | 175876 175885 175888 175892
175905 175906
175913 | 175927 | 175947 | 175950 | 175951 |
176007 | 176027
176029 | 176038 | 176067 | 176071 | 176086 |
176103 | 176186
176195 | 176197 | 176213 | 176245 | 176302 |
176307 | 176333
176359 | 176375 | 176377 | 176399 | 176400 |
176410 | 176417
176426 | 176427 | 176436 | 176437 | 176440 |
176503 | 176556
176573 | 176607 | 179908 | 179916 | 180002 |
180003 | 180004
180014 180015 180028 180031 180061
180066 180071
180085 | 180088 | 180089 | 180099 | 180104 |
180106 | 180109
180111 | 180112 | 180114 | 180116 | 180119 |
180124 | 180133
180134 | 180135 | 180141 | 180147 | 180150 |
180152 | 180162
180164 | 180165 | 180167 | 180171 | 180175 |
180178 | 180184
180190 | 180197 | 180205 | 180208 | 180214 |
180218 | 180223
180228 | 180235 | 180250 | 180253 180282 |
180290 180294
180296 | 180311 | 180312 | 180314 | 180320 |
180334 | 180335
180337 | 180341 | 180342 | 180348 | 180349 |
180353 | 180383
180392 | 180405 | 180421 | 180424 | 180426 |
180433 | 180434
180445 | 180447 | 180448 | 180452 | 180456 |
180463 | 182011
182016 | 182021 | XXX | XXX | XXX |
XXX | XXX
Third Division Seat Nos
169509 | 169512 | 169516 | 169518 | 182019 |
XXX | XXX
Clears Part-II only Seat Nos
170001 | 170010 170078 170083 170103
170109 170186
170219 | 170254 | 170270 | 170323 | 170410 |
Page 9
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
170412 | 170469
170495 | 170505 | 170511 | 170536 | 170537 |
170542 | 170550
170569 | 170579 | 170612 | 170644 | 170683 |
170691 | 170776
170784 | 170840 | 170864 | 170925 | 170942 |
170976 | 170984
171003 | 171006 | 171029 | 171091 | 171161 |
171183 | 171206
171248 | 171284 | 171337 | 171387 | 171390 |
171487 | 171561
171574 171607 171610 171662 171663
171686 171709
171730 | 171740 | 171752 | 171857 | 171867 |
171884 | 171893
171913 | 171970 | 171978 | 172072 | 172080 |
172111 | 172189
172202 | 172208 | 172232 | 172233 | 172318 |
172321 | 172331
172383 | 172395 | 172407 | 172483 | 172498 |
172518 | 172537
172564 | 172571 | 172579 | 172593 | 172598 |
172604 | 172614
172617 | 172632 | 172657 | 172670 172679 |
172700 172702
172703 | 172708 | 172711 | 172723 | 172745 |
172754 | 172759
172820 | 172821 | 172832 | 172860 | 172872 |
172926 | 172936
172939 | 172951 | 172960 | 172962 | 173019 |
173033 | 173042
173054 | 173118 | 173120 | 173149 | 173202 |
173212 | 173241
173258 | 173273 | 173299 | 173302 | 173308 |
173322 | 173325
173358 | 173369 | 173375 | 173387 | 173389 |
173396 | 173464
173479 173495 173500 173502 173525
173527 173553
173565 | 173567 | 173571 | 173611 | 173614 |
173621 | 173626
173643 | 173713 | 173723 | 173729 | 173744 |
173761 | 173780
173785 | 173825 | 173835 | 173856 | 173858 |
173882 | 173883
173933 | 173943 | 173947 | 173978 | 173980 |
173982 | 173996
174004 | 174008 | 174017 | 174020 | 174021 |
174025 | 174031
174033 | 174036 | 174042 | 174047 174051 |
174053 174062
174072 | 174074 | 174093 | 174096 | 174100 |
174105 | 174106
174127 | 174132 | 174143 | 174146 | 174147 |
174165 | 174167
174173 | 174176 | 174184 | 174185 | 174189 |
174190 | 174196
174218 | 174251 | 174265 | 174304 | 174359 |
174384 | 174457
174462 | 174465 | 174471 | 174474 | 174492 |
174525 | 174548
174558 | 174585 | 174642 | 174670 | 174708 |
174717 | 174742
Page 10
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
174752 | 174824 174826 174827 174850
174881 174919
174940 | 174954 | 174977 | 174987 | 174997 |
175001 | 175040
175045 | 175057 | 175058 | 175078 | 175096 |
175116 | 175138
175201 | 175208 | 175209 | 175242 | 175244 |
175250 | 175261
175266 | 175289 | 175293 | 175304 | 175318 |
175328 | 175329
175354 | 175378 | 175409 | 175413 | 175432 |
175452 | 175489
175497 | 175502 | 175509 | 175519 | 175566 |
175568 | 175576
175590 | 175593 | 175597 | 175598 | 175613 |
175619 | 175626
175627 | 175631 | 175637 | 175646 | 175660 |
175663 | 175670
175671 | 175693 | 175710 | 175725 | 175739 |
175835 | 175845
175854 | 175855 | 175883 | 175900 | 175904 |
175914 | 175916
175920 | 175925 | 175937 | 176132 | 176282 |
176348 | 176364
176404 176512 176588 179911 179917
180007 180025
180036 | 180046 | 180051 | 180055 | 180080 |
180096 | 180186
180201 | 180213 | 180217 | 180220 | 180222 |
180225 | 180249
180251 | 180272 | 180274 | 180277 | 180283 |
180284 | 180299
180321 | 180327 | 180329 | 180332 | 180338 |
180357 | 180374
180375 | 180380 | 180418 | 182013 | XXX |
XXX | XXX
Clears Part-I only Seat Nos
170004 | 170012 | 170018 | 170019 | 170023 |
170027 | 170032
170034 | 170035 | 170038 | 170043 | 170053 |
170054 | 170056
170058 | 170071 | 170090 | 170100 | 170105 |
170106 | 170111
170112 | 170117 | 170137 | 170144 170159 |
170164 170170
170174 | 170185 | 170202 | 170203 | 170205 |
170209 | 170210
170212 | 170221 | 170227 | 170236 | 170257 |
170261 | 170269
170275 | 170299 | 170307 | 170313 | 170315 |
170319 | 170320
170325 | 170329 | 170346 | 170348 | 170351 |
170364 | 170384
170388 | 170389 | 170392 | 170404 | 170406 |
170408 | 170409
170411 | 170421 | 170425 | 170437 | 170439 |
170441 | 170450
170451 170454 170455 170459 170461
170464 170477
170482 | 170491 | 170502 | 170526 | 170594 |
170599 | 170616
170620 | 170662 | 170665 | 170673 | 170693 |
Page 11
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
170702 | 170712
170714 | 170716 | 170717 | 170731 | 170738 |
170739 | 170740
170755 | 170759 | 170761 | 170777 | 170778 |
170786 | 170787
170788 | 170791 | 170807 | 170819 | 170823 |
170841 | 170852
170858 | 170862 | 170863 | 170869 170872 |
170874 170884
170893 | 170894 | 170897 | 170901 | 170902 |
170904 | 170919
170920 | 170931 | 170937 | 170938 | 170939 |
170940 | 170969
170972 | 170974 | 170987 | 170989 | 170995 |
171017 | 171021
171026 | 171062 | 171088 | 171089 | 171109 |
171110 | 171162
171172 | 171184 | 171197 | 171199 | 171207 |
171211 | 171217
171234 | 171238 | 171268 | 171301 | 171302 |
171304 | 171308
171311 | 171314 171319 171327 171335
171371 171382
171383 | 171397 | 171405 | 171423 | 171427 |
171441 | 171465
171466 | 171468 | 171490 | 171498 | 171501 |
171511 | 171531
171537 | 171538 | 171556 | 171587 | 171643 |
171690 | 171712
171785 | 171827 | 171831 | 171833 | 171852 |
171877 | 171885
171891 | 171897 | 171899 | 171902 | 171903 |
171933 | 171937
171952 | 171966 | 171989 | 171990 | 171994 |
172007 | 172008
172017 172034 172039 172069 172097
172109 172110
172129 | 172141 | 172150 | 172165 | 172170 |
172181 | 172186
172188 | 172199 | 172201 | 172216 | 172247 |
172248 | 172255
172256 | 172282 | 172299 | 172300 | 172307 |
172308 | 172316
172317 | 172320 | 172323 | 172327 | 172329 |
172338 | 172345
172352 | 172356 | 172360 | 172379 | 172393 |
172396 | 172411
172419 | 172422 | 172428 | 172450 | 172458 |
172469 | 172482
172484 | 172513 | 172517 | 172527 | 172528 |
172534 | 172536
172539 | 172542 | 172554 | 172560 | 172567 |
172573 | 172583
172584 172585 172587 172595 172599
172607 172624
172641 | 172643 | 172646 | 172650 | 172652 |
172653 | 172660
172663 | 172664 | 172665 | 172689 | 172694 |
172697 | 172698
172719 | 172720 | 172727 | 172731 | 172736 |
172737 | 172750
172758 | 172760 | 172762 | 172764 | 172771 |
172775 | 172778
Page 12
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
172782 | 172783 | 172797 | 172798 | 172809 |
172816 | 172822
172823 | 172824 | 172825 | 172829 172831 |
172838 172845
172846 | 172847 | 172857 | 172861 | 172866 |
172867 | 172870
172885 | 172887 | 172888 | 172891 | 172893 |
172901 | 172902
172903 | 172906 | 172911 | 172922 | 172929 |
172937 | 172938
172946 | 172950 | 172954 | 172957 | 172958 |
172963 | 172964
172965 | 172967 | 172979 | 172982 | 172983 |
172984 | 172986
172987 | 172988 | 172990 | 173000 | 173003 |
173005 | 173012
173014 173022 173031 173034 173035
173036 173037
173041 | 173043 | 173047 | 173050 | 173055 |
173064 | 173068
173069 | 173073 | 173075 | 173076 | 173077 |
173081 | 173082
173086 | 173088 | 173089 | 173091 | 173092 |
173094 | 173096
173099 | 173100 | 173107 | 173109 | 173112 |
173114 | 173116
173117 | 173122 | 173123 | 173125 | 173126 |
173127 | 173128
173131 | 173132 | 173133 | 173134 173137 |
173138 173140
173147 | 173148 | 173153 | 173155 | 173156 |
173157 | 173159
173161 | 173166 | 173170 | 173171 | 173176 |
173184 | 173193
173195 | 173199 | 173206 | 173208 | 173211 |
173214 | 173215
173230 | 173232 | 173240 | 173243 | 173254 |
173255 | 173256
173260 | 173262 | 173264 | 173269 | 173280 |
173285 | 173289
173310 | 173315 | 173316 | 173320 | 173329 |
173335 | 173339
173343 | 173348 173353 173357 173361
173370 173372
173378 | 173393 | 173410 | 173417 | 173421 |
173422 | 173423
173425 | 173429 | 173431 | 173439 | 173444 |
173449 | 173453
173454 | 173456 | 173466 | 173467 | 173473 |
173485 | 173491
173494 | 173499 | 173512 | 173519 | 173521 |
173531 | 173534
173555 | 173574 | 173582 | 173594 | 173597 |
173600 | 173601
173608 | 173610 | 173617 | 173625 | 173631 |
173638 | 173651
173653 173654 173662 173663 173664
173667 173668
173669 | 173672 | 173673 | 173677 | 173678 |
173681 | 173686
173688 | 173690 | 173691 | 173695 | 173696 |
173697 | 173700
173702 | 173709 | 173710 | 173715 | 173718 |
Page 13
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
173719 | 173721
173732 | 173740 | 173742 | 173752 | 173753 |
173756 | 173768
173770 | 173773 | 173774 | 173777 | 173782 |
173788 | 173791
173793 | 173794 | 173798 | 173800 173807 |
173808 173814
173821 | 173830 | 173842 | 173850 | 173859 |
173860 | 173861
173867 | 173872 | 173876 | 173878 | 173880 |
173884 | 173887
173888 | 173893 | 173895 | 173896 | 173899 |
173901 | 173909
173914 | 173918 | 173932 | 173941 | 173948 |
173949 | 173957
173959 | 173961 | 173963 | 173965 | 173966 |
173973 | 173974
174002 | 174009 | 174015 | 174019 | 174028 |
174037 | 174038
174039 | 174049 | 174060 | 174068 | 174069 |
174077 | 174078
174085 174115 174129 174134 174145
174149 174155
174156 | 174157 | 174169 | 174211 | 174226 |
174270 | 174275
174276 | 174277 | 174297 | 174298 | 174300 |
174303 | 174312
174338 | 174339 | 174343 | 174346 | 174350 |
174353 | 174354
174357 | 174358 | 174365 | 174371 | 174375 |
174377 | 174378
174386 | 174390 | 174393 | 174404 | 174414 |
174417 | 174424
174466 | 174475 | 174488 | 174489 174498 |
174506 174516
174527 | 174561 | 174565 | 174592 | 174609 |
174617 | 174621
174636 | 174644 | 174666 | 174684 | 174697 |
174704 | 174720
174724 | 174732 | 174738 | 174745 | 174753 |
174754 | 174756
174769 | 174782 | 174857 | 174866 | 174871 |
174873 | 174894
174895 | 174927 | 174929 | 174933 | 174938 |
174941 | 174950
174963 | 175049 | 175054 | 175063 | 175074 |
175094 | 175105
175119 175133 175135 175146 175153
175154 175157
175163 | 175169 | 175172 | 175177 | 175186 |
175191 | 175198
175205 | 175211 | 175213 | 175227 | 175232 |
175237 | 175238
175248 | 175254 | 175276 | 175278 | 175317 |
175338 | 175351
175382 | 175441 | 175475 | 175498 | 175503 |
175510 | 175512
175518 | 175521 | 175536 | 175551 | 175553 |
175557 | 175564
175575 | 175586 | 175602 | 175604 175618 |
175622 175649
175672 | 175691 | 175701 | 175702 | 175715 |
175734 | 175742
Page 14
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
175766 | 175791 | 175809 | 175823 | 175872 |
175874 | 175886
175898 | 175936 | 175948 | 176062 | 176068 |
176133 | 176263
176274 | 176284 | 176293 | 176411 | 176461 |
176464 | 176555
176581 | 179901 | 180021 | 180024 | 180029 |
180034 | 180042
180058 | 180072 | 180075 | 180083 | 180091 |
180092 | 180103
180113 | 180120 180122 180123 180129
180131 180136
180157 | 180168 | 180182 | 180187 | 180198 |
180202 | 180210
180239 | 180243 | 180244 | 180247 | 180266 |
180271 | 180273
180331 | 180340 | 180351 | 180368 | 180387 |
180398 | 180444
180451 | 180458 | XXX | XXX | XXX |
XXX | XXX
WHIHHELD FOR:
UNFAIRMEANS:
165219, 165243, 165351, 166052, 166376, 166433, 168065, 169502, 170005, 170241,
170432, 170512, 170564, 170653, 170706,
170765, 170890, 170911, 170912, 170916, 170997, 171001, 171231, 171287, 171290,
171506, 171517, 171522, 171527, 171535,
171580, 171614, 171664, 171669, 171670, 171682, 171687, 171695, 171713, 171735,
171801, 171807, 171817, 171856, 171858,
171863, 172031, 172091, 172113, 172114, 172227, 172243, 172251, 172284, 172355,
172408, 172413, 172434, 172438, 172440,
172441, 172444, 172447, 172454, 172459, 172466, 172472, 172493, 172496, 172620,
172635, 174199, 174202, 174206, 174225,
174230, 174233, 174234, 174237, 174250, 174254, 174267, 174269, 174423, 174582,
174586, 174589, 174626, 174978, 174985,
175275, 175336, 175370, 175397, 175469, 175476, 175516, 175661, 176087, 176306,
176478, 176497, 176519, 180330, 180363,
180370.
ENRLNOMENT
166488, 166489, 166490, 166491, 166495, 166506, 166507, 166509, 166510, 166511,
166513, 166514, 166519, 166521, 166526,
166530, 166541, 166542, 166544, 166545, 166549, 166550, 166555, 169524, 169525,
170377, 170427, 171128, 171321, 171475,
172669, 172793, 173815, 174948, 175043, 175741, 175817, 175884, 175901, 175918,
175958, 175959, 175960, 175961, 175962,
175963, 175964, 175966, 175968, 175969, 175970, 175971, 175972, 175973, 175974,
175975, 175976, 175977, 175979, 175980,
175981, 175982, 175983, 175984, 175985, 175986, 175987, 175988, 175989, 175990,
175991, 175992, 175993, 175994, 175995,
175996, 175997, 175998, 175999, 176000, 176001, 176002, 176003, 176004, 176005,
176006, 176008, 176009, 176010, 176011,
176012, 176013, 176014, 176015, 176016, 176017, 176018, 176019, 176020, 176021,
176022, 176023, 176024, 176025, 176028,
176031, 176032, 176034, 176035, 176036, 176037, 176039, 176040, 176041, 176043,
176044, 176046, 176047, 176048, 176050,
176051, 176052, 176053, 176055, 176056, 176057, 176058, 176059, 176060, 176061,
176063, 176064, 176065, 176066, 176070,
176073, 176075, 176076, 176078, 176079, 176081, 176082, 176083, 176084, 176085,
176088, 176089, 176090, 176091, 176092,
176093, 176094, 176095, 176096, 176097, 176099, 176100, 176101, 176102, 176104,
176105, 176106, 176107, 176108, 176109,
176110, 176111, 176113, 176114, 176115, 176116, 176118, 176120, 176121, 176123,
Page 15
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
176124, 176126, 176127, 176128, 176130,
176131, 176135, 176136, 176137, 176138, 176139, 176140, 176142, 176143, 176145,
176147, 176148, 176149, 176150, 176152,
176153, 176154, 176155, 176157, 176158, 176159, 176160, 176161, 176162, 176163,
176164, 176165, 176166, 176167, 176168,
176169, 176171, 176173, 176174, 176175, 176176, 176177, 176178, 176180, 176181,
176182, 176183, 176184, 176185, 176187,
176188, 176191, 176193, 176199, 176200, 176201, 176202, 176203, 176204, 176205,
176206, 176207, 176208, 176210, 176211,
176212, 176215, 176216, 176217, 176218, 176221, 176222, 176223, 176225, 176226,
176227, 176228, 176229, 176230, 176231,
176232, 176233, 176234, 176236, 176237, 176239, 176240, 176241, 176242, 176243,
176244, 176246, 176247, 176248, 176249,
176252, 176253, 176254, 176255, 176256, 176257, 176258, 176260, 176261, 176262,
176264, 176265, 176267, 176268, 176269,
176271, 176272, 176273, 176275, 176276, 176277, 176278, 176279, 176280, 176281,
176283, 176285, 176286, 176287, 176290,
176291, 176294, 176295, 176296, 176297, 176298, 176299, 176300, 176301, 176303,
176304, 176305, 176309, 176310, 176311,
176312, 176313, 176314, 176315, 176316, 176317, 176318, 176319, 176320, 176321,
176322, 176323, 176324, 176325, 176326,
176327, 176328, 176329, 176331, 176332, 176334, 176335, 176337, 176338, 176339,
176340, 176341, 176342, 176343, 176344,
176345, 176346, 176347, 176349, 176350, 176351, 176352, 176353, 176354, 176355,
176356, 176357, 176358, 176360, 176361,
176362, 176366, 176367, 176368, 176369, 176371, 176374, 176376, 176378, 176379,
176380, 176381, 176382, 176383, 176384,
176385, 176386, 176387, 176388, 176389, 176391, 176392, 176393, 176394, 176395,
176397, 176398, 176405, 176406, 176408,
176409, 176412, 176413, 176414, 176415, 176416, 176418, 176421, 176423, 176424,
176428, 176430, 176432, 176433, 176435,
176438, 176439, 176441, 176442, 176443, 176444, 176446, 176447, 176448, 176449,
176450, 176451, 176452, 176453, 176454,
176455, 176456, 176457, 176458, 176459, 176460, 176463, 176465, 176466, 176468,
176469, 176471, 176472, 176473, 176474,
176475, 176477, 176479, 176480, 176481, 176483, 176484, 176485, 176488, 176494,
176495, 176496, 176498, 176499, 176500,
176501, 176502, 176504, 176505, 176506, 176507, 176508, 176509, 176510, 176514,
176515, 176516, 176517, 176518, 176523,
176524, 176525, 176526, 176527, 176529, 176530, 176533, 176534, 176535, 176536,
176538, 176539, 176540, 176541, 176542,
176543, 176544, 176545, 176546, 176547, 176548, 176549, 176550, 176551, 176552,
176553, 176554, 176557, 176559, 176560,
176561, 176562, 176563, 176564, 176565, 176566, 176567, 176568, 176569, 176570,
176571, 176572, 176574, 176575, 176577,
176578, 176579, 176580, 176585, 176586, 176587, 176589, 176590, 176591, 176594,
176595, 176597, 176600, 176601, 176602,
176603, 176604, 176608, 176609, 176611, 176612, 176613, 176614, 176617, 176618,
176619, 176620, 176622, 179914, 179921,
179922, 180416, 180446, 180453, 180454, 180455, 180464, 180469, 182023.
PARTICULARS:
166014, 166039, 166214, 166450, 166473, 166504, 166505, 166520, 166538, 166539,
169501, 169520, 169523, 170518, 171900, 172003, 172640, 173386, 174426, 174430,
176616, 179902, 179909, 179915, 179919, 180140,
STATISTICS OF THE RESULT
APPLIED APPEARD 1ST DIV 2ND DIV 3RD DIV PASS PERCENTAGE
Page 16
BCOM PART-II & BOTH EXTERNAL ANNUAL EXAM 2009
8932 8495 330 1636 7 23.2254
IMPORTANT NOTES
1. The University reserves the right to correct, modify, alter or change the result
in any manner
if it is found to have been wrongly computed or Compiled.
2. Typographical error, if any, will not entitle anybody to interpret the result in
his / her favour and
to claim any advantages, there from. The University reserves the right to
correct mistakes as
and when they come to notice and no action shall lie against the University.
3. Marks Certificates are being issued
4. IT MAY BE NOTED THAT LAST YEAR THE RESULT OF bcom part-ii & both external annual
exam 2008
was announced on 25th july 2009.
KARACHI:
DATED:_______________
CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS
Copies forwarded to:
1. Secretary to the Vice-Chancellor, University of Karachi
2. P.A. to the Pro-Vice-Chancellor, University of Karachi
3. P.A. to the Registrar, University of Karachi
4. Public Relation officer University of Karachi.
5. The Dean, Faculty of Commerce University of Karachi.
6. The News Editor, PTV/Radio Pakistan, Karachi
7. The News Editor, APP/UPP/PPI, Karachi
8. The News Editor, Daily __________________, Karachi
9. Incharge Campus Wide Network, University of Karachi.
10. All Concerned.
CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS
Page 17

INTENT-BASED ACCOUNTING:

Trading securities are investments that were made with the intent of reselling them in the very near future, hopefully at a profit. Such investments are considered highly liquid and are classified on the balance sheet as current assets. They are carried at fair market value, and the changes in value are measured and included in the operating income of each period.

However, not all investments are made with the goal of turning a quick profit. Many investments are acquired with the intent of holding them for an extended period of time. The appropriate accounting methodology depends on obtaining a deeper understanding of the nature/intent of the particular investment. You have already seen the accounting for "trading securities" where the intent was near future resale for profit. But, many investments are acquired with longer-term goals in mind.

For example, one company may acquire a majority (more than 50%) of the stock of another. In this case, the acquirer (known as the parent) must consolidate the accounts of the subsidiary. At the end of this chapter we will briefly illustrate the accounting for such "control" scenarios.

Sometimes, one company may acquire a substantial amount of the stock of another without obtaining control. This situation generally arises when the ownership level rises above 20%, but stays below the 50% level that will trigger consolidation. In these cases, the investor is deemed to have the ability to significantly influence the investee company. Accounting rules specify the "equity method" of accounting for such investments. This, too, will be illustrated within this chapter.

Not all investments are in stock. Sometimes a company may invest in a "bond" (you have no doubt heard the term "stocks and bonds"). A bond payable is a mere "promise" (i.e., bond) to "pay" (i.e., payable). Thus, the issuer of a bond payable receives money today from an investor in exchange for the issuer's promise to repay the money in the future (as you would expect, repayments will include not only amounts borrowed, but will also have added interest). In a later chapter, we will have a detailed look at Bonds Payable from the issuer's perspective. In this chapter, we will undertake a preliminary examination of bonds from the investor's perspective. Although investors may acquire bonds for "trading purposes," they are more apt to be obtained for the long-pull. In the latter case, the bond investment would be said to be acquired with the intent of holding it to maturity (its final payment date) -- thus, earning the name "held-to-maturity" investments. Held-to-maturity investments are afforded a special treatment, which is generally known as the amortized cost approach.

By default, the final category for an investment is known as the "available for sale" category. When an investment is not trading, not held-to-maturity, not involving consolidation, and not involving the equity method, by default, it is considered to be an "available for sale" investment. Even though this is a default category, do not assume it to be unimportant. Massive amounts of investments are so classified within typical corporate accounting records. We will begin our look at long-term investments by examining this important category of investments.

The following table recaps the methods you should be familiar with.

INTENT-BASED ACCOUNTING:

Trading securities are investments that were made with the intent of reselling them in the very near future, hopefully at a profit. Such investments are considered highly liquid and are classified on the balance sheet as current assets. They are carried at fair market value, and the changes in value are measured and included in the operating income of each period.

However, not all investments are made with the goal of turning a quick profit. Many investments are acquired with the intent of holding them for an extended period of time. The appropriate accounting methodology depends on obtaining a deeper understanding of the nature/intent of the particular investment. You have already seen the accounting for "trading securities" where the intent was near future resale for profit. But, many investments are acquired with longer-term goals in mind.

For example, one company may acquire a majority (more than 50%) of the stock of another. In this case, the acquirer (known as the parent) must consolidate the accounts of the subsidiary. At the end of this chapter we will briefly illustrate the accounting for such "control" scenarios.

Sometimes, one company may acquire a substantial amount of the stock of another without obtaining control. This situation generally arises when the ownership level rises above 20%, but stays below the 50% level that will trigger consolidation. In these cases, the investor is deemed to have the ability to significantly influence the investee company. Accounting rules specify the "equity method" of accounting for such investments. This, too, will be illustrated within this chapter.

Not all investments are in stock. Sometimes a company may invest in a "bond" (you have no doubt heard the term "stocks and bonds"). A bond payable is a mere "promise" (i.e., bond) to "pay" (i.e., payable). Thus, the issuer of a bond payable receives money today from an investor in exchange for the issuer's promise to repay the money in the future (as you would expect, repayments will include not only amounts borrowed, but will also have added interest). In a later chapter, we will have a detailed look at Bonds Payable from the issuer's perspective. In this chapter, we will undertake a preliminary examination of bonds from the investor's perspective. Although investors may acquire bonds for "trading purposes," they are more apt to be obtained for the long-pull. In the latter case, the bond investment would be said to be acquired with the intent of holding it to maturity (its final payment date) -- thus, earning the name "held-to-maturity" investments. Held-to-maturity investments are afforded a special treatment, which is generally known as the amortized cost approach.

By default, the final category for an investment is known as the "available for sale" category. When an investment is not trading, not held-to-maturity, not involving consolidation, and not involving the equity method, by default, it is considered to be an "available for sale" investment. Even though this is a default category, do not assume it to be unimportant. Massive amounts of investments are so classified within typical corporate accounting records. We will begin our look at long-term investments by examining this important category of investments.

The following table recaps the methods you should be familiar with.

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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional, Command and Market Economies

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In the world of today there are three major types of economies.
Traditional economies are dictated by tradition, customs, and, to
a large extent, religion. As time goes on this type of economy is
becoming more and more scarce. Command economies, such as
the former Soviet Union, North Korea, and Cuba, have a central
government that controls just about everything in the society.
The third and final major economy is the market economy. This
is a mostly free economy, where the central government is weak
and the businesses do as they please to make a profit. Each of
these economies has many positive and negative aspects.

Traditional Economy

One of the few advantages existing in a traditional economy is
that the roles of individuals are clearly defined. Every member of
the society knows exactly what they are to do and most don’t
have any complaints about it. There are also many disadvantages
to this type of society. These societies are often very slow to
change and when new technologies are introduced, these ideas
and techniques are discouraged.

Command Economy

Command economies have many advantages to it. One
advantage is that equality is focused on. The government tries to
eliminate all private property and distribute its good equally. If
done correctly no one is in poverty and no one is wealthier than
another. Social services are also emphasized in this type of
economy. The government will provide equal health care,
education opportunities, and make sure all people are fed.
A third advantage to this type of economy is that it is capable of
rapid change for major problems. The government owns the
companies, so if production needs need to be shifted into a
different area, the government is capable of doing it rather
quickly.
A final major advantage of command economies is that they are
very stable. Command economies will never have sudden
depressions. Although command economies may seem like a
utopian form of economics, they also have many disadvantages.
In command economies there is very little freedom. The
individual usually doesn’t have the opportunity to decide what
they want to do for a career, and they have no control over the
goods they receive. Another major problem is that there is little
reason for innovations, hard work, or quality of the work.
Since no one makes more money than everyone else, the people
feel like there is no reason to work hard. A third disadvantage is
that there is little focus on consumer wants. Finally, when it
comes to minor day-to-day changes, the government has a hard
time coping with them.

Market Economies

In recent years, market economies have been coming more and
more popular. Three major examples of market economies are
The United States, Japan, and France. One major advantage is
that market economies can adjust to change easily. If there is a
demand for one thing, companies have the ability to change
what they produce instead of having to go through too much
government protocol first. Rational self-interest in market
economies is also encouraged. People have the ability to make as
much money as they can and do what is in their best interest.
Another positive to market economies is that the government
tries to stay out of the way of businesses. Although the
government sets certain standards businesses must follow, for
the most part businesses can do as they please, allowing them to
produce what they want, how they want. A fourth advantage to
the market economy is that there is a great variety of goods and
services for consumers. If there is a demand for a good or
service, the demand will almost always be met in a market
economy.
Although there are a lot of positives to market economies, there
are also many negatives that go along with it too. One major
problem with this type of economy is that it doesn’t always
provide the basic needs to everyone in the society. The weak,
sick, disabled, and old sometimes have trouble providing for
themselves and often slip into poverty.
Another problem is that it becomes hard for a government with
so many private businesses to provide adequate defense,
education, and health care to its people. A third disadvantage to
this type of economy is that there is uncertainty in the business
world. One company could easily be forced out of business
causing all of its employees to become unemployed and lose
their means of income.
The final major disadvantage is that occasionally there are market
failures. This can cause some companies to become way to
powerful and become a monopoly. If the government doesn’t
step in, the monopoly can take advantage of the consumers and
charge ridiculously high prices.

Conclusion

Each of these types of economies has its own unique positives
and negatives. It may seem like one economic system is better
than another, but it all depends on what the viewer deems important.

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The term surplus is used in economics for several related quantities. The consumer surplus (sometimes named consumer's surplus or consumers' surplus) is the amount that consumers benefit by being able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the most that they would be willing to pay. The producer surplus is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price mechanism that is higher than the least that they would be willing to sell for.
Note that producer surplus generally flows through to the owners of the factors of production: in perfect competition, no producer surplus accrues to the individual firm. This is the same as saying that economic profit is driven to zero. Real-world businesses generally own or control some of their inputs, meaning that they receive the producer's surplus due to them: this is known as normal profit, and is a component of the firm's opportunity costs. If the markets for factors are perfectly competitive as well, producer surplus ultimately ends up as economic rent to the owners of scarce inputs such as land.



Overview

On a standard supply and demand (S&D) diagram, consumer surplus (CS) is the triangular area above the price level and below the demand curve, since intramarginal consumers are paying less for the item than the maximum that they would pay. In contrary, producer surplus (PS) is the triangular area below the price level and above the supply curve, since that is the minimum quantity a producer can produce.
If the government intervenes by implementing, for example, a tax or a subsidy, then the graph of supply and demand becomes more complicated and will also include an area that represents government surplus.
Combined, the consumer surplus, the producer surplus, and the government surplus (if present) make up the social surplus or the total surplus. Total surplus is the primary measure used in welfare economics to evaluate the efficiency of a proposed policy.
A basic technique of bargaining for both parties is to pretend that their surplus is less than it really is: sellers may argue that the price they ask hardly leaves them any profit, while customers may play down how eager they are to have the article.
In national accounts, operating surplus is roughly equal to distributed and undistributed pre-tax profit income, net of depreciation.
In some schools of heterodox economics, the economic surplus denotes the total income which the ruling class derives from its ownership of scarce factors of production, which is either reinvested or spent on consumption.
In Marxian economics, the term surplus may also refer to surplus value, surplus product and surplus labour.

Consumer surplus

The individual consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum total price a consumer would be willing to pay for the amount he buys and the actual total.If someone is willing to pay more than the actual price, their benefit in a transaction is how much they saved when they didn't pay that price. For example, a person is willing to pay a tremendous amount for water since he needs it to survive, however since there are competing suppliers of water he is able to purchase it for less than he is willing to pay. The difference between the two prices is the consumer surplus.
The maximum price a consumer would be willing to pay for a given amount is the sum of the maximum price he would be willing to pay for the first unit, the maximum additional price he would be willing to pay for the second unit, etc. Typically these prices are decreasing; in that case they are given by the individual demand curve. If these prices are first increasing and then decreasing there may be a non-zero amount with zero consumer surplus. The consumer would not buy an amount larger than zero and smaller than this amount because the consumer surplus would be negative. The maximum additional price a consumer would be willing to pay for each additional unit may also alternatingly be high and low, e.g. if he wants an even number of units, such as in the case of tickets he uses in pairs on dates. The lower values do not show up in the demand curve because they correspond to amounts the consumer does not buy, regardless of the price. For a given price the consumer buys the amount for which the consumer surplus is highest.
The aggregate consumers' surplus is the sum of the consumer's surplus for each individual consumer. This can be represented on the figure of the aggregate demand curve.

Federal Budget 2010-11

The government has earmarked about Rs3.887 billion for the Ministry of Defense (MoD) in the Federal Budget 2010/11 (July-June) to execute projects, officials said on Monday.

The allocation for projects includes communication satellite system development, Pak-China seismic network, and electronic complex for National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM), they said.

The Ministry of Defence would carry out 65 projects in the next financial year. Among these, the Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission (SUPARCO) has 22 running projects for which Rs2.324 billion have been allocated, for the 13 new schemes, Rs286.77 million have been allocated.

For projects other than SUPARCO, Rs1.276 billion have been earmarked. The National Economic Council (NEC) last Friday has already approved these projects.

SUPARCO new projects in fiscal 2010/11 include Establishment of Pak-China Seismic Network in Pakistan PMD Rs16.46 million; National Electronic Complex of Pakistan NESCOM Rs164.62 million; National Canien Center Tret Murree, Rawalpindi RV and F Dte. GHQ Rs24.7 million; and Rs8.23 million each for projects Development of Training area and Boundary Wall for Survey Training Institute Islamabad, Survey of Pakistan; Development/Expansion of five secondary and one primary FGEIs at Multan; and another scheme of Provision of Education Facilities-2 FG degree colleges (Boys and Girls).

Other new projects of the commission include Construction of Barracks for CPO/Sailors Maritime Security Agency (MSA) base Pasni Rs14.81 million; Establishment of MSA Digitized Operation Room at new HQ/MSA building Rs16.45 million; Construction of Flexible Carpeted Road at Base Gawadar

MSA Rs1.47 million; Construction of New Residential Accommodation at Various Office at Quetta Rs4.12 million; Renovation of Met Office and residential quarters including replacing of damaged roofs slabs of office building at met observatory Gilgit Rs3.29 million; Special repair of office building/residential quarters and construction of bachelor accommodation at Met observatory, Dir Rs3.82 million; Construction of Multistoried flats for DWC at Quetta SOP Rs12.35 million.

Under the SUPARCO ongoing projects, Rs800 million has been proposed for Pakistan Communication Satellite System (Paksat-IR); Pak Sat project (phase-I extension) Rs285.3 million; Satellite Bus Development Facility (Phase-I) Rs170.56 million; Designing and Development of Compact Antenna test Range (CATR) Rs197.67 million; Attitude and Orbital control system (AOCS) center Karachi Rs75.467 million; Development of Satellite Dynamic System Test Facility Karachi Rs83.309 million; Development of CFIs for Fly On-board Communication Satellite Pak-Sat-IR Rs97.58 million; Development of Various Laboratories for National Satellite Development Program (NSDP) Rs90.86 million.

Besides, Rs33.87 million has been earmarked for Development of Satellite Environmental Validation and Testing (EVT) Facility Lahore; Upgradation of Quality Assurance and Quality Control Labs at Karachi Rs26.34 million; Human Resource Development (Phase-II) for National Satellite Development Program at Karachi Rs41.82 million; Development of Flexible Bearing SUPARCO Plant at Karachi Rs25.85 million; Development of Composite Pressure Vessel, Karachi Rs6.93 million; Development of Large Dia Rocket Motor casing using managing steel Karachi 28.15 million; Know-How Development and Capacity Building and Satellite Engineering and Technology in Lahore Rs47.651 million.

FURTHER

The measures taken in the budget 2010-11 would result in increase in cost of doing business and cost of living and would also promote smuggling at the cost of organised sector of the economy, said trade and industry leaders.

After listening to the budget speech of Finance Minister Dr Hafeez Sheikh delivered in the Parliament on Saturday there was a general consensus among the business leaders that no worth mentioning relief, which may benefit the trade and industry or even the general public, has been announced in the new budget.

However, most of these leaders were of the view that actual facts would be unfolded after going through the entire text of the Finance Bill but still they felt that the real budget would come on October 1, 2010 when the government will introduce the Value Added Tax (VAT) across the board.

Salim Parekh, chairman Site Association of Industry, said that the speech of the finance minister was mostly based on historic facts and carried little budgetary content, which strongly indicated that the government was heavily relying upon the VAT, when all sort of exemptions would be withdrawn.

Undoubtedly, he said, there are some good measures such as freezing of government’s non-development expenditures other than salary bill but still it is a budget for three months because VAT is the main revenue collecting tool the government will use to increase the tax-to-GDP ratio.

Shabir Ahmed, chairman Pakistan Bedwear Exporters Association (PBEA) said that it was for the first time in so many years that the budget proposals were totally devoid of incentives to promote exports.

He said the proposals also lacked incentives for industrialisation and promotion of business activities in the country, which means employment would not be generated for the teaming unemployed youth.

Former chairman Korangi Association of Trade and Industry (Kati) Mian Zahid Husain said that cost of production would go up because of levy to the tune of Rs9 billion on POL products. However, reduction in customs duty on some items will bring the cost down.

A tax consultant Chamanlal Oad said that Rs10 increase per 5.09 MMBTU of natural gas will have a snowball impact on cost, particularly for those industries having captive power plants.

Above all, he said natural gas was also being used by CNG stations and power generation plants, which mean that this will push the cost of CNG consumed by vehicles and of electricity.

Fawad Ejaz Khan, former chairman Pakistan Leather Garment Exporters and Manufacturers Association (Plgmea) said though there was no mention of VAT in the budget but this means “we have a breathing space till October 1, when it will be imposed”.

He further said that as per the government plan the VAT will not carry any exemption, which implies that the export-oriented industry will also have to pay tax and then get refund.

He said this would once again open floodgates of corruption as was witnessed in the GST era, when ‘flying invoices’ were widely used for fraud and fake refund claims.

Abdul Majid Haji Mohammad, president Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI) said the measures suggested in the new budget will result in pushing up the cost of production.

He complained that the suggestions given by the trade bodies with regard to Afghan Transit Trade (ATT) were totally ignored and the finance minister announced no measures to check rampant smuggling hurting the local industry.

He said the increase in GST rate from 16 to 17 per cent will push the cost of production and cost of living. Similarly one per cent increase in withholding tax will also surge prices.

Abdul Majid contradicted the finance minister’s assertion that deep freezers, refrigerators and air-conditioners are only used by rich people so there is increase in FED by 10 per cent. He said these were no more rich people items because lifestyle in urban dwelling has almost become similar and most of the basic needs of the people are also same.

IMF to be apprised of VAT delay causes

Finance Minister Dr Abdul Hafeez Shaikh said on Sunday that the government would inform the International Monetary Fund (IMF) about what he called ‘new dynamics’ which had led to a three-month delay in introducing the value added tax (VAT).
At a post-budget press conference, he said negotiations with the IMF would continue in the overall context of the economic reforms programme.

“We are a sovereign nation and take our decisions ourselves. However, we are confident of fulfilling our commitments with the IMF.”

“I see no fundamental difficulty in our dialogue with the fund because Pakistan is successfully moving towards fiscal sustainability under the IMF programme,” he said.

He said the IMF wanted the country to mobilise resources and make repayment of loans viable.

Planning Commission’s Deputy Chairman Dr Nadeemul Haque, a former IMF official, said the fund was only a lending body whose role was to bail out a country facing difficulties in balance of payments.

However, he said, the IMF executive board was empowered to decide about economic programmes of countries.

The finance minister said the increase in GST was an interim measure because ways had to be found to meet the revenue target after the deferment of VAT.

Dispelling a perception that the one per cent increase in GST would affect the prices of pulses and rice, he said the government had allocated Rs4.2 billion in the budget for the Utility Stores Corporation to provide subsidy to consumers on food items.

The minister said 2010-11 would mark the beginning of a new era with provinces getting the lion’s share of the development budget.

He said health, water, education and law and order were no more under the federal government.

He said the importance of federal budget would gradually decrease after appropriate division of resources among provinces.

He said the budget was one aspect of the government’s planned expenditure and revenue, while economic reform was an ongoing process.

He said the ceiling of exemption from income tax had been raised to give relief to the low-income group.

Dr Shaikh said the 50 per cent raise for government employees would apply to the running basic salary and all personnel on national pay-scales would benefit from it.

He said recommendations of the Pay and Pension Commission were under consideration.

APP adds: The finance minister said measures taken in the budget would help reduce inflation and deficit and improve economy.

He said current expenditures of the government had been frozen.

“Cut in the government’s current expenditures will have a positive impact on inflation.”

He said the decision to reduce customs duty on 29 items and not increase its rate would also help check inflation.

He said GST reforms would replace multiple tax rates with the rate of 15 per cent after three months.

The minister claimed that the uniform GST system would also help reduce inflation.

He said that earlier discussions on the issue had not been based on facts and the government wanted to reform the tax in consultation with provinces.

Replying to a question, he said the 50 per cent ad hoc relief announced for government employees would not apply to police, armed forces and judiciary because their salaries had earlier been increased by 100 per cent.

Dr Shaikh said the corporations would also be provided resources to give ad hoc relief to their employees.

He said it was now the responsibility of the provinces to bring the vulnerable segments of the society under the social safety net more efficiently and honestly. Dr Shaikh said that as a result of prudent policies adopted by the government over the past three years, the economy had started showing resilience despite severe challenges.

He said the government was quite confident of bringing inflation down to 9.5 per cent during the next financial year.

The minister said fiscal deficit would be brought down to four per cent and current account deficit to less than three per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP).

He said the country’s economic policies were being appreciated by international organisations.

“Pakistan’s international credit rating has been upgraded from CCC to B(-),” he said.

Dr Shaikh said tax on property sale deeds should be reduced to encourage people to declare the correct value of their assets.

The minister said that VAT would be definitely introduced, but after a consensus among all stakeholders.

He said the government had not imposed GST on edible items.

In order to reduce the prices of vegetable ghee and oil, a reduction in duty on import of crude palm oil had been proposed from Rs9,000 to Rs8,000 per ton, he said.

The minister said the government had to take special care of people living in conflict zones, like the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

Dr Shaikh said that in the past governments used to announce prices of commodities in the budget, but now it was desirable that the rates were fixed by regulatory authorities like the PTA and Ogra.

Pakistan's Economy - overview:

Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment. Between 2001-07, however, poverty levels decreased by 10%, as Islamabad steadily raised development spending. Between 2004-07, GDP growth in the 5-8% range was spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors - despite severe electricity shortfalls - but growth slowed in 2008-09 and unemployment rose. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, jumping from 7.7% in 2007 to 20.8% in 2008, and 14.2% in 2009. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated since 2007 as a result of political and economic instability. The government agreed to an International Monetary Fund Standby Arrangement in November 2008 in response to a balance of payments crisis, but during 2009 its current account strengthened and foreign exchange reserves stabilized - largely because of lower oil prices and record remittances from workers abroad. Textiles account for most of Pakistan's export earnings, but Pakistan's failure to expand a viable export base for other manufactures have left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Other long term challenges include expanding investment in education, healthcare, and electricity production, and reducing dependence on foreign donors.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$448.1 billion (2009 est.)

$436.4 billion (2008 est.)
$422 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars


GDP (official exchange rate):
$166.5 billion (2009 est.)


GDP - real growth rate:
2.7% (2009 est.)

3.4% (2008 est.)
6% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):
$2,600 (2009 est.)

$2,500 (2008 est.)
$2,500 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 20.8%

industry: 24.3%

services: 54.9% (2009 est.)

Labor force:
55.88 million
note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2009 est.)


Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 43%

industry: 20.3%

services: 36.6% (2005 est.)

Unemployment rate:
15.2% (2009 est.)

13.6% (2008 est.)
note: substantial underemployment exists

Population below poverty line:
24% (FY05/06 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.9%

highest 10%: 26.5% (2005)


Distribution of family income - Gini index:
30.6 (FY07/08)

41 (FY98/99)

18.1% of GDP (2009 est.)


Budget:
revenues: $23.21 billion

expenditures: $30.05 billion (2009 est.)


Public debt:
45.3% of GDP (2009 est.)

51.2% of GDP (2008 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
14.2% (2009 est.)

20.3% (2008 est.)

Central bank discount rate:
15% (31 December 2008)

10% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
NA% (31 December 2008)


Stock of money:
$NA (31 December 2008)

$52.76 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money:
$NA (31 December 2008)

$18.42 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:
$NA (31 December 2008)

$65.05 billion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares:
$23.49 billion (31 December 2008)

$70.26 billion (31 December 2007)
$45.52 billion (31 December 2006)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs

Industries:
textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

Industrial production growth rate:
-3.6% (2009 est.)


Electricity - production:
90.8 billion kWh (2007 est.)


Electricity - consumption:
72.2 billion kWh (2007 est.)


Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)


Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)


Oil - production:
61,870 bbl/day (2008 est.)


Oil - consumption:
383,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)


Oil - exports:
30,090 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - imports:
319,500 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - proved reserves:
339 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)


Natural gas - production:
37.5 billion cu m (2008 est.)


Natural gas - consumption:
37.5 billion cu m (2008 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)


Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)


Natural gas - proved reserves:
885.3 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)


Current account balance:
$-2.42 billion (2009 est.)

$-15.68 billion (2008 est.)
Exports:
$17.87 billion (2009 est.)

$21.09 billion (2008 est.)

Exports - commodities:
textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs

Exports - partners:
US 16%, UAE 11.7%, Afghanistan 8.6%, UK 4.5%, China 4.2% (2008)

Imports:
$28.31 billion (2009 est.)

$38.19 billion (2008 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea

Imports - partners:
China 14.1%, Saudi Arabia 12%, UAE 11.2%, Kuwait 5.4%, India 4.8%, US 4.7%, Malaysia 4.1% (2008)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$15.68 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$8.903 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Debt - external:
$52.12 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$46.39 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$27.95 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$25.44 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$1.078 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

$1.017 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Exchange rates:
Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 81.41 (2009), 70.64 (2008), 60.6295 (2007), 60.35 (2006), 59.515 (2005)

Balance sheet

In financial accounting, a balance sheet or statement of financial position is a summary of the financial balances of a sole proprietorship, a business partnership or a company. Assets, liabilities and ownership equity are listed as of a specific date, such as the end of its financial year. A balance sheet is often described as a "snapshot of a company's financial condition". Of the four basic financial statements, the balance sheet is the only statement which applies to a single point in time of a business' calendar year.
A standard company balance sheet has three parts: assets, liabilities and ownership equity. The main categories of assets are usually listed first, and typically in order of liquidity. Assets are followed by the liabilities. The difference between the assets and the liabilities is known as equity or the net assets or the net worth or capital of the company and according to the accounting equation, net worth must equal assets minus liabilities.
Another way to look at the same equation is that assets equals liabilities plus owner's equity. Looking at the equation in this way shows how assets were financed: either by borrowing money (liability) or by using the owner's money (owner's equity). Balance sheets are usually presented with assets in one section and liabilities and net worth in the other section with the two sections "balancing."
Records of the values of each account or line in the balance sheet are usually maintained using a system of accounting known as the double-entry bookkeeping system.
A business operating entirely in cash can measure its profits by withdrawing the entire bank balance at the end of the period, plus any cash in hand. However, many businesses are not paid immediately; they build up inventories of goods and they acquire buildings and equipment. In other words: businesses have assets and so they can not, even if they want to, immediately turn these into cash at the end of each period. Often, these businesses owe money to suppliers and to tax authorities, and the proprietors do not withdraw all their original capital and profits at the end of each period. In other words businesses also have liabilities.

Origin

Annual balance sheet written in cuneiform script. Sumeria, clay, ca. 2040 BCE. Department of Oriental Antiquities, Louvre.
It was the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin who persuaded merchants to make it a rule to summarize accounts at the end of every year in a chapter entitled Coopmansbouckhouding op de Italiaensche wyse (Dutch: "Commercial Book-keeping in the Italian Way") of his Wisconstigheg hedachtenissen (Dutch: "Mathematical memoirs", Leiden, 1605–08). Although the balance sheet he required every enterprise to prepare every year was based on entries of the ledger, it was prepared separately from the major books of account. The oldest semi-public balance sheet recorded was that of the East India Company dated 30 April 1671, which was submitted to the company's General Meeting on in 30 August 1671. The publication and audit of the balance sheet was still a rarity in England until the passing of the Bank Charter Act 1844.

Types

A balance sheet summarizes an organization or individual's assets, equity and liabilities at a specific point in time. Individuals and small businesses tend to have simple balance sheets. Larger businesses tend to have more complex balance sheets, and these are presented in the organization's annual report. Large businesses also may prepare balance sheets for segments of their businesses. A balance sheet is often presented alongside one for a different point in time (typically the previous year) for comparison.

Personal balance sheet

A personal balance sheet lists current assets such as cash in checking accounts and savings accounts, long-term assets such as common stock and real estate, current liabilities such as loan debt and mortgage debt due, or overdue, long-term liabilities such as mortgage and other loan debt. Securities and real estate values are listed at market value rather than at historical cost or cost basis. Personal net worth is the difference between an individual's total assets and total liabilities.

Public Business Entities balance sheet structure

Guidelines for balance sheets of public business entities are given by the International Accounting Standards Committee and numerous country-specific organizations.
Balance sheet account names and usage depend on the organization's country and the type of organization. Government organizations do not generally follow standards established for individuals or businesses.
If applicable to the business, summary values for the following items should be included on the balance sheet:

Assets

Current assets

Cash and cash equivalents
Inventories
Accounts receivable
Prepaid expenses for future services that will be used within a year

Fixed assets

Property, plant and equipment
Investment property, such as real estate held for investment purposes

Intangible assets

Financial assets (excluding investments accounted for using the equity method, accounts receivables, and cash and cash equivalents)
Investments accounted for using the equity method
Biological assets, which are living plants or animals. Bearer biological assets are plants or animals which bear agricultural produce for harvest, such as apple trees grown to produce apples and sheep raised to produce wool.

Liabilities

Accounts payable
Provisions for warranties or court decisions
Financial liabilities (excluding provisions and accounts payable), such as promissory notes and corporate bonds
Liabilities and assets for current tax
Deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets
Minority interest in equity
Issued capital and reserves attributable to equity holders of the Parent company
Unearned revenue for services paid for by customers but not yet provided

Equity

The net assets shown by the balance sheet equals the third part of the balance sheet, which is known as the shareholders' equity. Formally, shareholders' equity is part of the company's liabilities: they are funds "owing" to shareholders (after payment of all other liabilities); usually, however, "liabilities" is used in the more restrictive sense of liabilities excluding shareholders' equity. The balance of assets and liabilities (including shareholders' equity) is not a coincidence. Records of the values of each account in the balance sheet are maintained using a system of accounting known as double-entry bookkeeping. In this sense, shareholders' equity by construction must equal assets minus liabilities, and are a residual.
Numbers of shares authorized, issued and fully paid, and issued but not fully paid
Par value of shares
Reconciliation of shares outstanding at the beginning and the end of the period
Description of rights, preferences, and restrictions of shares
Treasury shares, including shares held by subsidiaries and associates
Shares reserved for issuance under options and contracts
A description of the nature and purpose of each reserve within owners' equity

Sample balance sheet structure

The following balance sheet structure is just an example. It does not show all possible kinds of assets, equity and liabilities, but it shows the most usual ones. Because it shows goodwill, it could be a consolidated balance sheet. Monetary values are not shown, summary (total) rows are missing as well.

Balance Sheet of XYZ, Ltd. as of 31 December 2006

ASSETS

Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents
Accounts receivable (debtors)
Inventories
Prepaid Expenses
Investments held for trading
Other current assets

Fixed Assets (Non-Current Assets)
Property, plant and equipment
Less : Accumulated Depreciation
Goodwill
Other intangible fixed assets
Investments in associates
Deferred tax assets

LIABILITIES and EQUITY

Creditors: amounts falling due within one year (Current Liabilities)
Accounts payable
Current income tax liabilities
Current portion of bank loans payable
Short-term provisions
Other current liabilities

Creditors: amounts falling due after more than one year (Long-Term Liabilities)
Bank loans
Issued debt securities
Deferred tax liability
Provisions
Minority interest


Equity
Share capital
Capital reserves
Revaluation reserve
Translation reserve
Retained earnings